PERFECT TENSE
1) Present Perfect 2) Past Perfect 3) Future perfect 4) Present perfect contineous tense 5) Past Contineous tense 6) Future perfect contineous tense ___________________________________________________________________ 1) Present Perfect
The present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the past and continues into the present.
Present Perfect To have+ Past Participle of verb
The Present Perfect is used to describe:
• An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present.
Example: I have lived in pune since 1984 (= and I still do.)
• An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.
Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn’t over yet.)
• A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.
Example: We have visited red fort.
• An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by ‘just’).
Example: I have just finished my work.
• An action when the time is not important.
Example: He has read ‘War and Peace’.(the result of his reading is important)
Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read ‘War and Peace’ last week.
Affirmative Subject to have past participle She has Visited Negative Subject to have + not past participle She hasn’t visited Interrogative to have subject past participle Has she visited..? Interrogative negative to have + not subject past participle Hasn’t she visited…?
2) Past Perfect
The past perfect tense shows an action or condition in the past that came before another action or condition in the past.
Past Perfect = the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.
Subject had past participle We had decided… Affirmative She had given. Negative We hadn’t asked. Interrogative Had they arrived? Interrogative negative Hadn’t you finished?
Past perfect, function
The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first – the tense makes it clear which one happened first.
Example
• John had gone out when I arrived in the office. • I had saved my document before the computer crashed.
3) Future perfect tense
The future perfect tense shows an action or condition in the future that will occur before another action or condition in the future.
Future perfect =the simple future of the verb to have (will have) + the past participle of the main verb:
Subject will have past participle He will have finished
Affirmative I will have left Negative They won’t have gone Interrogative Will we have seen? Interrogative negative Won’t he have arrived?
Future perfect, function The future perfect refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now. It is often used with a time expression using by + a point in future time.
Examples
• I’ll have been here for six months on June 23rd. • By the time you read this I’ll have left. • You will have finished your work by this time next week.
4) Present Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the Present Perfect Continuous Tense to describe an action that began in the past progress and may also continue in the future.
Time expressions:
since lately up to now for for ages
so far how long? for a long time recently all day, all week..
Forming Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Affirmative Form Subject + have / has + been + verb(ing)... I have been waiting for the train. Negative Form Subject + haven't / hasn't + been + verb(ing)... I haven't been waiting for the train. Question Form Have / has + subject + been + verb(ing)...? Has she been watching TV? Negative Question Haven't / hasn't + subject + been + verb(ing)... Haven't they been looking for Victoria?
Examples a. The poor man has been waiting at the corner for an hour. b. I have been practicing the piano for twenty minutes. c. How long have you been learning English? c. How long have you been living in this city? e. The students have been waiting for the results. f. Henry has been watching TV since seven o'clock.
5) Past Perfect Continuous Tense
We use the Past Perfect Continuous Tense to talk about duration of an action in the past.
Forming Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Affirmative Form Subject + had + been + verb(ing)... I had been studying English. Negative Form Subject + hadn't + been + verb(ing)... I hadn't been living in poverty. Question Form Had + subject + been + verb(ing)...? Had she been sleeping? Negative Question Hadn't + subject + been + verb(ing)... Hadn't they been waiting for you?
Examples
a. The old man had been sleeping on the corner until you came. b. I had been practicing the violin before my dad arrived. c. How long had you been learning English before you moved to USA? d. The students had been waiting for the results until yesterday. e. Henry had been watching TV before you called him.
6) Future Perfect contineous Tense This tense is used to describe an ongoing action that will complete in future. It is used to express the ongoing nature of an action with regards to its continuation towards a point in future. The action is assumed to be continued for a time (specified or unspecified) in future. A ‘time-reference’ is used in the sentence to show starting time of the action or for how long the action continues.
Structure of Sentence: • Main Verb:Present Participle (Base or 1st form of verb + ing) e.g. going, living working. • Auxiliary verb: Will have been
Positive sentences
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main Verb + Object + Time-reference • Subject + Will have been + Present Participle (1st form of verb + ing) + Object + time-reference
Examples 1. They will have been living in Paris for five years. 2. The Kid will have been sleeping since 10 PM
Negative Sentences
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + Main Verb + Object + Time-reference • Subject + Will NOT have been + Present Participle (1st form of verb + ing) + Object + time-eference
Examples 1. He will not have been working in the factory for six months. 2. She will not have been playing games since November.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Will + Subject + Have been + Present Participle (1st form of verb + ing) + Object
Examples 1. Will he have been loving her for five years? 2. Will she have been studying in the new college since December?
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